濟 U+6FDF, 濟 ← 濞[U+6FDE] CJK Unified Ideographs 濠 →[U+6FE0]
濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, Cangjie input 水卜難 (EYX), four-corner 30123, composition ⿰氵齊)
- 𫬵
- 済 (Japanese shinjitai)
- 济 (Simplified Chinese)
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 656, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18498
- Dae Jaweon: page 1066, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1771, character 12
- Unihan data for U+6FDF
trad. 濟 simp. 济 alternative forms
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).
Austroasiatic. Possible base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). However, see there for other etymologies.
津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).
濟
- to cross a river; to ferry
- to help; to aid; to relieve
- to be of help; useful
濟
- (～水) Ji River
- used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”)
trad. 濟 simp. 济 alternative forms
Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl’aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).
濟
- (Min) many; much
- “濟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014-
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02354
- “(#305)”, in 臺灣閩南語按呢寫[2], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2013.
- “濟”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2026.
- 劉建仁 (29 April 2012), “濟•多（tse⊦／tsue⊦）──多”, in 台灣話的語源與理據 (in Chinese), retrieved 21 August 2016
Shinjitai 済 Kyūjitai 濟
(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)
- Kyūjitai form of 済
- Go-on: さい (sai)
- Kan-on: せい (sei)
- Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)、すます (sumasu, 濟ます)、わたる (wataru, 濟る)、すくう (sukuu, 濟う)、なす (nasu, 濟す)
“to help; etc.”
From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejH).
Historical readings Dongguk Jeongun reading Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Middle Korean Text Eumhun Gloss (hun) Reading Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯 Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Early Modern Korean Text Final (韻) Reading Samun Seonghwi, 1751 건널 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. “many”
From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejX).
Historical readings Dongguk Jeongun reading Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Early Modern Korean Text Final (韻) Reading Samun Seonghwi, 1751 셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [제(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))
- hanja form? of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
- (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“to cross a river”)
- (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“many”) 제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (子(tử)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4] 濟: Nôm readings: tế[1][3][5]
- chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
