漢

漢 U+6F22, 漢 ← 漡[U+6F21] CJK Unified Ideographs 漣 →[U+6F23] 漢 U+FA47, 漢 ← 渚[U+FA46] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 煮 →[U+FA48] 漢 U+FA9A, 漢 ← 滋[U+FA99] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 瀞 →[U+FA9B] Traditional 漢 Simplified 汉 Japanese 漢 Korean 漢

• In Traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja, the component 𦰩 for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
• In Vietnamese Hán Nôm, 𦰩 can be written with 廿, 龷, or 艹 on top. But the most common variant of 𦰩 is with 龷 written on top.
• In Japanese shinjitai, the component 𦰩 is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese shinjitai forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ depending on the font used.
• In Simplified Chinese, the component 𦰩 is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 汉 (U+6C49).
• Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA47 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FA9A corresponds to the alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

漢 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11 in Chinese and Korean, 水+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 13 strokes in Japanese, Cangjie input 水廿中人 (ETLO), four-corner 34134 or 34185, composition ⿰氵⿱廿⿻口夫(GHTKV or U+FA47) or ⿰氵𦰩(J or U+FA9A))

• 𪝳, 𡁚, 𨮟

• 汉 (Simplified Chinese)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 646, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18068
• Dae Jaweon: page 1055, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1713, character 9
• Unihan data for U+6F22

• Unihan data for U+FA47

• Unihan data for U+FA9A

trad. 漢 simp. 汉 alternative forms 𣾒㵄𣶔𤁉𭲑

漢 (OC *n̥ˤar): semantic 水 (shuǐ) (“water”) + phonetic 熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ). Earliest attested in early Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, e.g. the 京師畯尊 / 京师畯尊 (銘圖 11784), where it is used as a river name: 王涉漢伐楚.

熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ) (⿱𦰩火) depicts a person bound behind the back, mouth open toward the sky, over fire. It may be related to 灘 (OC *n̥ˤar), 歎 (OC *n̥ˤar), 嘆 (OC *n̥ˤar), 熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ), 暵 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ), and 難 (OC *n̥ˤar), in senses connected with drought, burning, or exclamation. From the middle Western Zhou onward, 𦰩 may have been confused with 黃 / 黄 (huáng).

The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history.(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 (“Huaxia”), and themselves as 諸華 (“various Hua people”) or 諸夏 (“various people/descendants of the Xias”). “Xia” (“Summer; great, splendid”) also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dynasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

漢

1. (～水, ～江) Han River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River 漢口／汉口 ― Hànkǒu ― Hankou (literally, “mouth of the Han”)
   • 王涉漢伐楚。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]王涉汉伐楚。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Yin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng, 京師畯尊Wáng shè hàn fá chǔ. [Pinyin]The king crossed the Han to attack Chu.
   • 決汝漢，排淮泗，而注之江。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]决汝汉，排淮泗，而注之江。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCEJué Rǔ hàn, pái Huái Sì, ér zhù zhī Jiāng. [Pinyin]He opened a vent for the Ru and Han, regulated the Huai and Si, and made them flow into the Jiang.
   • 漢之廣矣，不可泳思。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]汉之广矣，不可泳思。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Shijing, “Han guang”Hàn zhī guǎng yǐ, bùkě yǒng sī. [Pinyin]The Han is so broad that it cannot be swum across.
2. (literary) the Milky Way; by extension, the sky; the heavens
   • 維天有漢，監亦有光。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]维天有汉，监亦有光。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge’s versionWéi tiān yǒu hàn, jiān yì yǒu guāng. [Pinyin]There is the Milky Way in heaven, looking down with its light.
3. (～江) Han River, a river in Korea
4. (～朝) the Han dynasty
   • 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]When asked what age it was, they did not even know there had been the Han, let alone the Wei and Jin.
5. (historical) the Han state or empire; its court, institutions, territory, or subjects
   • 漢兼天下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]汉兼天下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Qin and Han Bamboo and Wooden Slips DatabaseHàn jiān tiānxià. [Pinyin]Han unified all under Heaven.
6. (historical) a state, dynasty, or regime named Han, such as 蜀漢／蜀汉 (Shǔ Hàn), 成漢／成汉 (Chénghàn), 南漢／南汉 (Nánhàn), 後漢／后汉 (Hòuhàn), 北漢／北汉 (Běihàn), or the Han state of Chen Youliang
7. (historical, by extension) China; the Chinese realm; the Chinese or Han Chinese people; the Sinitic world, especially as contrasted with non-Han peoples
8. Han Chinese; the Han ethnicity
   • 總期人民安堵，海宇乂安，仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]总期人民安堵，海宇乂安，仍合满、汉、蒙、回、藏五族完全领土为一大中华民国。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Feb 1912, 清室退位詔書 (Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor)Zǒng qī rénmín āndǔ, hǎiyǔ yì’ān, réng hé Mǎn, Hàn, Méng, Huí, Zàng wǔ zú wánquán lǐngtǔ wéi yī dà Zhōnghuá Mínguó. [Pinyin][S]uch that peace may be assured and restored to the people and country, all while retaining the complete territorial integrity of the lands of the five races—Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan—which shall combine to form a great Republic of China.
9. Chinese; Sinitic; Han; of or relating to China, Han Chinese culture, Chinese writing, Chinese learning, or the Chinese language 漢字／汉字 ― hànzì ― Chinese character 漢學／汉学 ― hànxué ― Sinology; Chinese studies 漢語／汉语 ― hànyǔ ― Chinese language
10. man; fellow; guy, often in compounds 好漢／好汉 ― hǎohàn ― brave man; true man
    • 則天嘗問仁傑曰：「朕要一好漢任使，有乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]则天尝问仁杰曰：「朕要一好汉任使，有乎？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Jiu Tang Shu, biography of Di RenjieZétiān cháng wèn rénjié yuē: “Zhèn yào yī hǎohàn rènshǐ, yǒu hū?” [Pinyin]Empress Wu once asked Di Renjie: “I need a capable man to employ; is there one?”
11. (dialectal, colloquial) husband
    • 娘，你上覆令愛，不要這等揀漢。 [MSC, trad.]娘，你上覆令爱，不要这等拣汉。 [MSC, simp.]From: Xiyouji, chapter 23Niáng, nǐ shàngfù lìng’ài, bùyào zhèděng jiǎn hàn. [Pinyin]Madam, please tell your daughter not to be so picky in choosing a husband.
12. (Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, rare) stature; build; body size
13. (Wu, Ningbonese, rare) to boil; to cook by boiling
14. (Classical Chinese, dialectal, rare) angry; irate Attested in Fangyan: 漢，怒也。
15. (dialectal, rare) rash; reckless
16. a surname 漢寶德／汉宝德 ― Hàn Bǎodé ― Han Pao-teh (Taiwanese architect)

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history Name Time period Divisions Xia夏 (～朝, ～代) 2070 – 1600 BCE Shang商 (～朝, ～代)殷 (～朝, ～代) 1600 – 1046 BCE Zhou周 (～朝, ～代) 1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou西周 Eastern Zhou東周 / 东周 Spring and Autumn period春秋 Warring States period戰國 / 战国 Qin秦 (～朝, ～代) 221 – 206 BCE Han漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) 206 BCE – 220 CE Western Han西漢 / 西汉 Xin新 (～朝) Eastern Han東漢 / 东汉 Three Kingdoms三國 / 三国 220 – 280 CE Wei魏 Shu Han蜀漢 / 蜀汉 Wu吳 / 吴 Jin晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) 265 – 420 CE Western Jin西晉 / 西晋 Eastern Jin東晉 / 东晋 Southern and Northern dynasties南北朝 420 – 589 CE Northern dynasties北朝 Northern Wei北魏 Western Wei西魏 Eastern Wei東魏 / 东魏 Northern Zhou北周 Northern Qi北齊 / 北齐 Southern dynasties南朝 Liu Song劉宋 / 刘宋 Southern Qi南齊 / 南齐 Liang梁 (～朝, ～代) Chen陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代) Sui隋 (～朝, ～代) 581 – 618 CE Tang唐 (～朝, ～代) 618 – 907 CE Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms五代十國 / 五代十国 907 – 960 CE Liao遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) 907 – 1125 CE Song宋 (～朝, ～代) 960 – 1279 CE Northern Song北宋 Southern Song南宋 Western Xia西夏 1038 – 1227 CE Jin金 (～朝, ～代) 1115 – 1234 CE Western Liao西遼 / 西辽 1124 – 1218 CE Yuan元 (～朝, ～代) 1271 – 1368 CE Ming明 (～朝, ～代) 1368 – 1644 CE Qing清 (～朝, ～代) 1636 – 1912 CE Republic of China中華民國 / 中华民国 1912 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts People’s Republic of China中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 1949 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts → Arabic: هان (hān) → Bulgarian: хан (han) → English: Han → Finnish: Han → French: Han → German: Han → Khmer: ហាន (haan) → Polish: Han → Portuguese: han → Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02308
• 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “汉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 257.
• 周存 [Zhōu, Cún], editor (2023), “汉”, in 长汀话词典 CHANGTINGHUA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Changting Dialect] (overall work in Hakka and Mandarin), Guangzhou: 世界图书出版有限公司 [World Book Publishing Co., Ltd.], →ISBN, page 292.

Shinjitai 漢 Kyūjitai[1] 漢漢or漢+︀? 漢󠄁漢+󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1) 漢󠄃漢+󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi)(Moji_Joho) The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.See here for details.

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 漢)

1. Sino-, China
2. man

• Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: あや (aya, 漢)、おとこ (otoko, 漢)←をとこ (wotoko, 漢, historical)、から (kara, 漢)
• Nanori: あや (aya)、かみ (kami)、から (kara)、くに (kuni)、なら (nara)、はた (hata)

Kanji in this term 漢 かんGrade: 3 on’yomi Alternative spelling 漢 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.

The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

漢(かん) • (kan)

1. man さらに悟(ご)上(じょう)に得(とく)悟(ご)する漢(かん)あり、迷(めい)中(ちゅう)又(う)迷(めい)の漢(かん)あり。Sara ni gojō ni tokugo suru kan ari, meichū umei no kan ari.Moreover, some men achieve enlightenment and further enlightenment, and some men achieve confusion and further confusion.

漢(かん) • (Kan)

1. the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
2. name of various Chinese dynasties
   1. the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE)
   2. the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25-220 CE)
   3. the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221-263)
   4. the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304-347)
   5. the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917-971)
   6. the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947-951)
   7. the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951-979)
3. the Han Chinese people
4. the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
5. (by extension from the “river” sense) the Milky Way Synonyms: 天漢 (Tenkan), 天河 (Tenga), 銀漢 (Ginkan), 銀河 (Ginga), 天の川 (Ama-no-gawa)
6. alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”)
7. a surname

Kanji in this term 漢 からGrade: 3 kun’yomi Alternative spelling 漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese.

Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42-562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.[2][3]

• (usually China in the Tang dynasty, and foreign lands in general): 唐
• (usually Korea): 韓
• (specifically the Gaya confederacy): 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅

• IPA(key): [ka̠ɾa̠]
• (Tokyo) から [káꜜrà] (Atamadaka – [1])[4][5]

漢(から) • (kara-)

1. element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands 漢(から)詩(うた)、唐(から)歌(うた)、唐(から)揚(あ)げ、漢(から)音(ごえ)karauta, karauta, karaage, karagoeChinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan’on or Chinese-derived reading for a character

漢(から) • (kara)

1. (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general

漢(から) • (Kara)

1. the Gaya confederacy
2. (archaic) the Korean peninsula
3. (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty

• 漢人(かんじん) (Kanjin)

Kanji in this term 漢 あやGrade: 3 kun’yomi Alternative spelling 漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China.[2][4][3] Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

• IPA(key): [a̠ja̠]

漢(あや) • (Aya)

1. short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others
   1. 東漢 (Yamato no Aya)
   2. 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya)

Kanji in this term 漢 おとこGrade: 3 kun’yomi Alternative spelling 漢 (kyūjitai)

Rare alternative spelling for 男 (otoko, “man”), from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

See the 男 entry for the derivation of the reading.

• IPA(key): [o̞to̞ko̞]
• (Tokyo) おとこ [òtókóꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[4][6][5]

漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ←をとこ (wotoko)?

1. (slang) rare spelling of 男 (“man”)
   • 漢(おとこ)は背(せ)中(なか)で人(じん)生(せい)を語(かた)る！キミのベストポーズでスーパーアピール‼Otoko wa senaka de jinsei o kataru! Kimi no besuto pōzu de sūpā apīru‼Men show what life is with their backs! Strike your best pose to drive home your point!!

• “△漢”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015-2026

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH).

Historical readings Dongguk Jeongun reading Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 한〮 (Yale: hán) Middle Korean Text Eumhun Gloss (hun) Reading Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 하ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: hanol) 한 (Yale: han)

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))

1. hanja form? of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix]
2. hanja form? of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix]
3. hanja form? of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

漢: Hán Việt readings: hán[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], hớn[2][3] 漢: Nôm readings: hớn[1][3][4][5][6][7], hắn[1][2][5], háng[1][4], han[1], hán[6]

1. chữ Hán form of Hán
   1. of or relating to China
   2. the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)
2. chữ Nôm form of háng (“groin”)
3. chữ Nôm form of hắn (“(archaic as a neutral pronoun in Northern and Southern dialects, familiar or informal in Central Vietnam) he/him; she/her”)

• 漢喃 (Hán Nôm)